Art of Loving

"He who knows nothing, loves nothing. He who can do nothing understands nothing. He who understands nothing is worthless. But he who understands also loves, notices, sees...The more knowledge is inherent in a thing, the greater the love...Anyone who imagines that all fruits ripen at the same time as the strawberries knows nothing about grapes." PARACELSUS


BY ALEX P. VIDAL


HOLLYWOOD, California -- Through his practice and teaching, Erich Fromm has helped hundreds of thousands of men and women to achieve rich, productive lives by developing their hidden powers of love.
Now, in his astonishingly frank, candid book, The Art of Loving, he explores the ways in which this extraordinary emotion can be used to alter the whole course of life. 
Here is his wise human counsel on: How to overcome the fear of love...How to use love to conquer shame and anxiety...How to use love to release hidden potentialities...Finally, how to make love become the most exhilarating and exciting experience of life.
"Is love an art?" Fromm, the world-famous psychoanalyst, asks. "Then it requires knowledge and effort. Or is love a pleasant sensation, which to experience is a matter of chance, something one 'falls into' if one is lucky?"
Fromm's book is based on the former premise, while undoubtedly the majority of people today believe in the latter.


IMPORTANT


Not that people think love is not important. Fromm says people are starved for it; they watch endless numbers of films about happy and unhappy love stories, they listen to hundreds of trashy songs about love--yet hardly anyone thinks that there is anything that needs to be learned about love.
The author observes that this peculiar attitude is based on several premises which either singly or combined tend to uphold it. 
"Most people see the problem of love primarily as that of being loved, rather than that of loving, of one's capacity to love. Hence the problem to them is how to be loved, how to be lovable," Fromm explains.
In pursuit of this aim they follow several paths, according to Fromm. 
"One, which is especially used by men, is to be successful, to be as powerful and rich as the social margin of one's position permits," he adds. "Another, used especially by women, is to make oneself attractive, by cultivating one's body, dress, etc. Other ways to making oneself attractive, used both by men and women, are to develop pleasant manners, interesting conversation, to be helpful, modest, inoffensive.
"Many of the ways to make oneself lovable are the same as those used to make oneself successful, 'to win friends and influence people.' As a matter of fact, what most people in our culture mean by being lovable is essentially a mixture between being popular and having sex appeal."


PREMISE


Fromm explains that the second premise behind the attitude that there is nothing to be learned about love is the assumption that the problem of love is the problem of an object, not the problem of a faculty. "The attitude has several reasons rooted in the development of modern society. One reason is the great change which occurred in the twentieth century with respect to the choice of a 'love object.' In the Victorian age, as in many traditional cultures, love was mostly not a spontaneous personal experience which then might lead to marriage," he stresses.
"On the contrary, marriage was contracted by convention--either by the respective families, or by a marriage broker, or without the help of such  intermediaries; it was concluded on the basis of social considerations, and love was supposed to develop once the marriage had been concluded."
Fromm points out that in the last few generations the concept of romantic love has become almost universal in the Western world. 
In the United States, while considerations of a conventional nature are not entirely absent, to a vast extent people are in search for "romantic love," of the personal experience of love which then should lead to marriage. 
This new concept of freedom in love must have greatly enhanced the importance of the object as against the importance of the function, he enumerates.
Closely related to this factor is another feature characteristic of contemporary culture, Fromm adds. "Our whole culture is based on the appetite for buying, on the idea of a mutually favorable exchange. Modern man's happiness consists in the thrill of looking at the shop windows, and in buying all that he can afford to buy, either for cash or on installments," Fromm says. "He (or she) looks at people in a similar way. For the man an attractive girl--and for the woman an attractive man--are the prizes they are after."


PACKAGE


"Attractive" usually means a nice package of qualities which are popular and sought after on the personality market. What specifically makes a person attractive depends on the fashion of the time, physically as well as mentally. 
Fromm explains: "During the twenties, a drinking and smoking girl, tough and sexy, was attractive; today the fashion demands more domesticity and coyness. At the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of this century, a man had to be aggressive and ambitious--today he has to be social and tolerant--in order to be an attractive 'package.' At any rate, the sense of falling in love develops usually only with regard to such human commodities as are within reach of one's own possibilities for exchange.
"I am out for a bargain; the object should be desirable from the standpoint of its social value, and at the same time should want me, considering my overt and hidden assets and potentialities. Two persons thus fall in love when they feel they have found the best object available on the market, considering the limitations of their own exchange values.
"Often, as in buying real estate, the hidden potentialities which can be developed play a considerable role in this bargain. In a culture in which the marketing orientation prevails, and in which material success is the outstanding value, there is little reason to be surprised that human love relations follow the same pattern of exchange which governs the commodity and the labor market."
The third error leading to the assumption that there is nothing to be learned about love lies in the confusion between the initial experience of "falling" in love," the author says, "and the permanent state of being in love, or as we might better say, of 'standing' in love."
"If two people who have been strangers, as all of us are, suddenly let the wall between them break down, and feel close, feel one, this moment of oneness is one of the most exhilarating, most exciting experiences in life. It is all the more wonderful and miraculous for persons who have been shut off, isolated, without love."


INTIMACY


This miracle of sudden intimacy is often facilitated if it is combined with, or initiated by, sexual attraction and consummation, he explains. 
"However, this type of love is by its very nature not lasting," Fromm warns. "The two persons become well acquainted, their intimacy loses more and more its miraculous character, until their antagonism, their disappointments, their mutual boredom kill whatever is left of the initial excitement. Yet, in the beginning they do not know all this: in fact, they take the intensity of the infatuation, this being 'crazy' about each other, for proof of the intensity of their love, while it may only prove the degree of their preceding loneliness."
Fromm says this attitude--that nothing is easier than to love--has continued to be the prevalent idea about love in spite of the overwhelming evidence to the contrary. 
"There is hardly any activity, any enterprise, which is started with such tremendous hopes and expectations, and yet, which fails so regularly, as love," he explains. "If this were the case with any other activity, people would be eager to know the reasons for the failure, and to learn how one could do better--or they would give up the activity. 
"Since the latter is impossible in the case of love, there seems to be only one adequate way to overcome the failure of love--to examine the reasons for this failure, and to proceed to study the meaning of love."
The first step to take is to become aware that love is an art, according to Fromm, just as living is an art; "if we want to learn how to love we must proceed in the same way we have to proceed if we want to learn any other art, say music, painting, carpentry, or the art of medicine or engineering."
Fromm asks: "Could it be that only those things are considered worthy of being learned with which one can earn money or prestige, and that love, which 'only' profits the soul, but is profitless in the modern sense, is a luxury we have no right to spend much energy on?